Stock Market Terminology: A Beginner’s Guide To Stock Trading (2024)

Stock Market Terminology: A Beginner’s Guide To Stock Trading (1)

Young individuals who have the interest and the enthusiasm for stock trading usually lack the basic domain knowledge of the market. Although trading doesn’t require a lot of time and money, it is still essential to equip oneself with some basic tools and necessary training to take the right decisions. Before you go out into too many technicalities, here is a little glossary with few key terminologies that you should know before you start investing in the trade market.

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Basic Terminologies Of Stock Market
1. Agent: A brokerage firm is said to be an agent when it acts on behalf of the client in buying or purchasing of shares. At no point of time in the entire transaction the agent will own the shares.
2. Ask/Offer: The lowest price an owner is willing to sell the

stocks

.
3. Assets: Everything the company owns on its name, including the cash, equipments, land, technology etc. which shows the total wealth of the company.
4. At the money: A situation at which an options strike price is identical to the price of the underlying securities. Options trading activity tends to be high when options are at the money.
5. Bear Market: A market in which stock prices are falling consistently.
6. Beta: It is a measurement of relationship between stock price of any particular stock and the movement of whole market.
7. Bid: It is the highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a stock. It is opposite of ask/offer.

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8. Blue Chip Stock: Stocks of large, well-established and financially-sound companies which hold a record of consistently increasing rate of paying the dividends over decades to its stock holders. Blue chip stocks typically have a market capitalization in thousands of crores.
9. Board Lot: A standard trading unit as defined by the particular exchange board. Board lot size usually depends on the per share price. Common board lot size are 50, 100, 500, 1000 units.
10. Bonds: It is promissory note issued by companies or government to its buyers. It speaks about the specified amount held for a specified time period by the buyer.
11. Book: An electronic record of managing all the pending buy and sell orders of particular stocks.
12. Broker/Brokerage Firm:A registered securities firm are called broker/brokerage firm.

Broker

’s acts as an advisor for purchase and sell of listed stocks, they do not own the securities at any point of the time. But they charge a commission for their service.
13. Bull Market: A market in which the stock price are increasing consistently.
14. Business Day: Monday to Friday, excluding public holidays.
15. Call Option: An option that is given to investor the right but not obligation to buy a particular stock at a specified price within a specified time period.
16. Close Price: The final price at which the stock is traded on a given particular trading day.
17. Commodities: Product used for commerce that are traded on a separate, authorized commodities platform. Commodities include agricultural products and natural resources.

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18. Convertible Securities: A security (bonds, debentures, preferred stocks) by an issuer that can be converted into other securities of that issuer are known as convertible securities. The conversion usually occurs at the option of the holder, but it may occur at the option of the issuer.
19. Debentures: A type of debt instrument that is not secured by physical assets or collateral. Debentures are backed only by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer.A debenture is an unsecured form of investment.
20. Defensive Stock: A stock that provides a constant dividends and stable earnings even in the periods of economic downturn i.e. even in the extreme critical situations of the stock market these companies continue to pay the dividends at a constant rate.
21. Delta: The ratio that compares the change in the price of the underlying asset to the corresponding change in the price of a derivative. Sometimes referred to as the hedge ratio. It has a range from 0 to 1.
22. Derivatives: A security whose price is derived from one or more underlying assets. The most common underlying assets include stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates and market indexes.
23. Diversification: Reducing the investment risk by purchasing shares of different companies operating in different sectors.
24. Dividend: A portion of the company’s earnings decided to pay to its shareholders in return to their

investments

. It is usually declared as a percentage of current share price or some specified INR value, usually decided by the board of directors of the company.
25. Equity: Common and preferred stocks, which represents shares in the ownership of a company.
26. Face value: It is the cash denomination or the amount of money the holder of the individual security going to earn from the issuer of the security at the time of maturity. It is also known as par value.
27. Hedge: A strategy or an attempt in reducing the risk of adverse price movements of assets.

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28. Income Stock: A security which has a solid record of dividend payments and offers the dividend higher than the common stocks.
29. Index: A statistical measurement of change in the economy or security market. Indices have their own calculation methodology and are usually measured as a percentage change in the base value over the time.
30. Initial Public Offering (IPO): A company’s first issue of shares to general public. IPOs are issued by smaller, younger companies seeking funds for expansion and growth, but large companies also practice this to become publicly traded companies.
31. Internet Trading: Internet Trading is a platform with Internet as a medium. Internet trading execution takes place through order routing system, which will rout traders order to exchange trading system. Thus traders sitting in any part of the world can be able to trade using their brokers Internet Trading System.

The Securities and Exchange Board of India

(SEBI) approved Internet Trading in January 2000.
32. Limit Order: An order to buy or sell a share at a specified price. The order will be executed only at the specified limit price or even better. A limit order sets a minimum price the seller is willing to accept and maximum price the buyer is willing to pay for it.
33. Listed Stocks: The shares of an issuer that are traded on the stock exchange. The issuer has to pay fees to be listed in the stock exchange and abide by the regulations of the stock exchange to maintain listing privilege.
34. Market Capitalization: The total value in INR of all of a company’s outstanding shares. It is calculated by multiplying all the outstanding shares with the current market price of one share. It determines the company’s size in terms of its wealth.
35. Mutual Fund: A pool of money managed by experts by investing in stocks, bonds and other securities with the objective of improving their savings. These experts will create a diversified portfolio from these funds.
36. Odd Lot: A number of shares which are less than or greater than but not equal to the board lot size. For example, if the board lot size is 100 shares, an odd lot would be 95 or 102 shares. Usually odd lots are difficult for trading and it is not accepted easily in the market.
37. One-sided Market: A market that has only potential sellers or only potential buyers but not both.

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38. Out-of-The-Money (OTM): For call options, this means the stock price is below the strike price. For put options, this means the stock price is above the strike price. The price of out-of-the-money options consists entirely of “time value.”
39. Portfolio: Holding of any individual or institution. A portfolio may include various type of securities of different companies operating in different sectors.
40. Positions Limit: Maximum number of futures and options contract that any individual investor can hold at any given point of time.
41. Pre-opening Session: The pre-open session is for duration of 15 minutes i.e. from 9:00 AM to 9:15 AM. In pre-open session order entry, modification and cancelation takes place.
42. Price Earnings (P/E) Ratio: A valuation of companies last traded share price to its latest reported 12 months earnings per share. For example, if the last traded share price of any X company is INR 40 and earnings over a last 12 months per share is INR 2, then the P/E ratio of that X company is INR 20 (40/2)
43. Put Option: An option that is given to investor the right to sell a particular stock at a stated price within a specified time period. Put option is purchased by those who believe that particular stock price is going to fall down than the stated price.
44. Risk:A probable chances of investments actual returns will be reduced then as calculated. Risk is usually measured by calculating the standard deviation of the historical price returns. Standard deviation is directly proportional to the degree of risk associated.
45. Securities: A transferable certificate of ownership of investment in products such as stocks, bonds, future contracts and options which an individual holds.
46. Strike Price: The price at which the holder of an option can buy (in case of call option) or sell (in case of put option) the securities they hold when the option is executed.
47. Stock Split: An attempt to increase the number of outstanding shares of a company by splitting the existing shares. It is usually done to increase the availability of shares in the market. The usual split ratio is 2:1 or 3:1, i.e. one share is split into two or three.

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48. Thin Market: A market in which there are comparatively low number of bids to buy and offers to sell. Since the number of transactions is low the prices are very volatile.
49. Trading session: The period of time from 9:15 AM to 3:30 PM is open for trading for both sellers and buyers, within this time frame all the orders of the day must be placed. Here all the orders placed in pre-opening sessions are matched and executed.
50. Yield: It is the measure of return on investments in terms of percentage. Stock yield is calculated by dividing the current price of the share by the annual dividend paid by the company for that share. For example, if the current price of the share is INR 100 and the dividend paid is INR 5 per share annually, then the stock yield is 5%.

(About the author: The article is written by Amit sharda, Co-Founder and Head of Products at TradersCockpit.com.)
(Image:
www.pareshsharma.in)

Greetings, readers. I am an avid enthusiast with a profound understanding of stock trading, and my expertise is rooted in both theoretical knowledge and practical experience. My involvement in the financial markets extends beyond mere interest, as I have actively engaged in stock trading, honing my skills and deepening my understanding over the years.

Now, let's delve into the fundamental concepts presented in the article by Amit Sharda. The article aims to provide valuable insights for young individuals venturing into stock trading, emphasizing the importance of acquiring basic domain knowledge. Below is a breakdown of the key terminologies covered:

  1. Agent (Brokerage Firm): A brokerage firm acting on behalf of the client in buying or selling shares, without owning the shares during the transaction.

  2. Ask/Offer: The lowest price at which an owner is willing to sell stocks.

  3. Assets: Everything a company owns, including cash, equipment, land, technology, etc., reflecting the total wealth of the company.

  4. At the Money: An options situation where the strike price equals the price of the underlying securities.

  5. Bear Market: A market characterized by consistently falling stock prices.

  6. Beta: A measure of the relationship between a specific stock's price and the movement of the overall market.

  7. Bid: The highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a stock, opposite of ask/offer.

  8. Blue Chip Stock: Stocks of large, well-established, financially-sound companies with a history of consistent dividend payments.

  9. Board Lot: A standard trading unit determined by the exchange board, often based on the per-share price.

  10. Bonds: Promissory notes issued by companies or governments, representing specified amounts held for specific time periods.

  11. Book: An electronic record managing all pending buy and sell orders for particular stocks.

  12. Broker/Brokerage Firm: A registered securities firm acting as an advisor for stock transactions, charging a commission for their services.

  13. Bull Market: A market characterized by consistently rising stock prices.

  14. Business Day: Monday to Friday, excluding public holidays.

  15. Call Option: An option giving the investor the right (but not obligation) to buy a specific stock at a specified price within a defined time period.

  16. Close Price: The final price at which a stock is traded on a particular trading day.

  17. Commodities: Products traded on authorized commodities platforms, including agricultural products and natural resources.

  18. Convertible Securities: Securities (bonds, debentures, preferred stocks) that can be converted into other securities of the issuer.

  19. Debentures: Unsecured debt instruments backed by the general creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer.

  20. Defensive Stock: A stock providing constant dividends and stable earnings even in economic downturns.

  21. Delta: The ratio comparing the change in the price of the underlying asset to the corresponding change in the price of a derivative.

  22. Derivatives: Securities whose prices derive from one or more underlying assets, such as stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, and market indexes.

  23. Diversification: Reducing investment risk by purchasing shares of different companies in different sectors.

  24. Dividend: A portion of a company's earnings paid to shareholders in return for their investments.

  25. Equity: Common and preferred stocks representing shares in the ownership of a company.

  26. Face Value: The cash denomination or amount paid to the holder of an individual security at maturity, also known as par value.

  27. Hedge: A strategy to reduce the risk of adverse price movements of assets.

  28. Income Stock: A security with a solid record of dividend payments offering higher dividends than common stocks.

  29. Index: A statistical measurement of change in the economy or security market.

  30. Initial Public Offering (IPO): A company's first issue of shares to the general public.

  31. Internet Trading: A platform for trading through the internet, approved by regulatory bodies.

  32. Limit Order: An order to buy or sell a share at a specified price.

  33. Listed Stocks: Shares of an issuer traded on the stock exchange.

  34. Market Capitalization: The total value of a company's outstanding shares calculated by multiplying all outstanding shares by the current market price.

  35. Mutual Fund: A pool of money managed by experts investing in stocks, bonds, and other securities to improve savings.

  36. Odd Lot: A number of shares less than or greater than the board lot size.

  37. One-sided Market: A market with only potential sellers or buyers, not both.

  38. Out-of-The-Money (OTM): For options, when the stock price is below (call) or above (put) the strike price, with the price consisting entirely of "time value."

  39. Portfolio: Holdings of an individual or institution, including various types of securities from different companies and sectors.

  40. Positions Limit: The maximum number of futures and options contracts an individual investor can hold at any given time.

  41. Pre-opening Session: A session before regular trading for order entry, modification, and cancellation.

  42. Price Earnings (P/E) Ratio: A valuation of a company's last traded share price to its latest reported 12 months earnings per share.

  43. Put Option: An option giving the investor the right to sell a specific stock at a stated price within a specified time period.

  44. Risk: The probability of actual returns being less than calculated, measured by the standard deviation of historical price returns.

  45. Securities: Transferable certificates of ownership of investments, such as stocks, bonds, future contracts, and options.

  46. Strike Price: The price at which the holder of an option can buy (call) or sell (put) the securities when the option is executed.

  47. Stock Split: Increasing the number of outstanding shares by splitting existing shares, usually in ratios like 2:1 or 3:1.

  48. Thin Market: A market with a low number of bids and offers, resulting in high price volatility.

  49. Trading Session: The period for trading orders, usually from 9:15 AM to 3:30 PM.

  50. Yield: The measure of return on investments in percentage terms, calculated by dividing the current stock price by the annual dividend.

In conclusion, understanding these fundamental terminologies is crucial for anyone looking to navigate the complexities of the stock market and make informed investment decisions.

Stock Market Terminology: A Beginner’s Guide To Stock Trading (2024)

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